Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection

Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection In India Under The Code On Social Security, 2020

An article on Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection in India under the Code on Social Security, 2020” has been written by Dr Sujit Kar. TIC/Principal of MIES R M Law College, which is an excellent law college in Bengal. MIES R M Law College is one of the best law schools in West Bengal, situated at Sonarpur, South Kolkata. They have completed many years of their glorious journey in the field of law education. MIES R M Law College is one of the best legal education providers in India. MIES R M Law College is one of the topmost Law Colleges in West Bengal under Vidyasagar University. And is approved by the Bar Council of India. This article is already published in the International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) in Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2021

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM/SCOPE:

This research paper will highlight the issue of social security of unorganized workers in India in the light of the informal or unorganized economy with special reference to self-employed workers. As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation of the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, in the year 2017-18. Out of 47 crores workers around 38 crores are in the unorganized sector.1 That is more than 80.85 % of the national workforce in India is in unorganized employment. And of which a large majority is the self-employed workers who face serious decent work gaps, including a lack of access to social protection i.e. social assistance and social insurance. According to the National Commission for the Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS), the share of self-employed in the workforce was 56.61% in 2004-05.

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) of  2017-18 found that this percentage had come down to 52.2%. This large scale of unorganized workers cannot count on access to health care services and at least a basic level of minimum income security. And hence, could not enjoy their human right to social security. This research paper also aims to cover case laws decided by the Indian Supreme Court on social security.

LIMITATIONS of Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection:

In the course of collecting and analyzing the resources that the researcher relied upon it has been strongly felt that the ambit of the laws relating to unorganized self-employed workers is not so developed in India. The related information is unorganized and scattered. The researcher is going to work on the basic information from previously categorised resources pertaining to the research topic.

LITERATURE SURVEY/RESOURCES USED:

In support of his research, the researcher gives herewith detailed information about the resources he relied upon. There are three kinds of resources as follows.

Primary:

The Unorganised Workers Social Security Act, 2008 (UWSSA); the West Bengal Transport Workers Social Security Scheme 2010; the Karnataka State Private Commercial Transport Workers Accident Benefit Scheme; the National Pension Scheme for Traders and Self-Employed Persons (NPS-Traders) 2019 and the Code on Social Security, 2020

Secondary:

The National Commission             for the  Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS); the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) of 2017- 18; the Parliamentary Standing Committee on  Labour found; the International Labour Organisation              (ILO) Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (Recommendation No. 202); Parliamentary   Standing              Committee        on Labour; the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR); Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), 2016-17

Tertiary:

Challenges-to-social-security-for-self-employed- workers-in-India-and-the-code-for-social-security- bill-2019/

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What are the specified challenges regarding the inclusion of self-employed and own-account workers under the social security legislation?
2. How can self-employed and own-account workers come under the jurisdiction of social security legislation?

• What else is relevant to consider in including self-employed and own-account workers under social security legislation?

HYPOTHESIS:

1. Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008 includes a reference to „Self-employed worker‟ under the definition of „Unorganized worker‟ but the Act itself does not create any entitlement for the workers and left the introduction of the schemes to the discretion of the government.
2. The said Unorganised Workers Social Security Act, 2008 does not give any rights but rather of charity.
3. The funds lying in the National Social Security Fund constituted under the Unorganised Workers Social Security Act, 2008 had not been used properly since its inception.
4. There is no minimum content, any statutory timeline or any concrete procedure for framing social security schemes under the Code on Social Security, 2020.
5. Nor does the Code on Social Security, 2020 explain in detail any minimum standard of social security that would be available for all workers as suggested by the National Commission for the Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) and recommended by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (Recommendation No. 202).

CHAPTERIZATION of Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection:

There are three chapters in this article. The first chapter explores the topic followed by the second chapter addressing the concerns of the researcher about the area and the third chapter describes the comparative study on this topic.

INTRODUCTION of Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection:

Literally, the term self-employed‟ is defined as “earning one’s living in one’s own etc. undertaken and fees, charges, etc. and earning one’s living directly from one’s own profession or business, as a  freelance writer or artist, rather than as an employee earning salary or commission from another. Unorganised Workers Social Security Act, 2008 was specifically enacted for informal labour and did extend to self-employed workers. S.2 (m) of this Act which defines unorganised worker‟ includes a reference to „self-employed worker‟.

In India, self-employed workers, including own-account workers and assisting family workers, consists the major portion of the workforce. Five out of ten workers are self-employed or work in small businesses. Social security legislation has traditionally covered organized employees. However, India is now adopting measures to extend social security to unorganized workers including self-employed workers through the Unorganised Workers Social Security Act, 2008 and trying to overcome the related challenges through a range of measures as provided to the unorganized self-employed workers.   

But the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour found that “even after 12 years of the enactment of the Act, only six per cent of the unorganised workers are covered under one or other form of social security.⁵” Further, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) had found in 2016-2017 that the funds lying in the National Social Security Fund constituted under the UWSSA had not been used since its inception. Further progress is still required to ensure effective protection for self-employed workers.

CHAPTER-I

BARRIERS TO EXTENDING SOCIAL SECURITY TO THE SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS

Social security is recognized as a universal human right which is integral to the guarantee of human dignity for all persons and social as well as national cohesion. Indeed, Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 affirms that “everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security.” Not surprisingly, there has been a rapid increase in social security legislation in most democratic countries like India. In India, social security has also been preserved in the Constitution as one of the Directive Principles of State Policy and recognised by the judiciary as to be included in the periphery of the fundamental Right to Life under the Constitution.

This constitutional mandate has been executed through different Central legislations on social security and numerous other state legislations like West Bengal Transport Workers Social Security Scheme 2010; Karnataka State Private Commercial Transport Workers Accident Benefit Scheme etc. But still, there persist some barriers to the extension of social security to unorganized self-employed workers in India as well as abroad as identified by the International Labour Organization Social Protection Platform.

Unorganized self-employed workers in India as well as abroad as identified are mentioned below

• “Diverse circumstances, needs, and contributory capacities: The situation is very different for professionals or business owners than it is for small farmers, entrepreneurs, members of cooperatives, or assisting family workers, requiring a diverse set of policy responses.
• Legal exclusion: Social security legislation is often focused only on employees. Sometimes self-employed workers are de facto excluded because they do not meet certain eligibility criteria (minimum income). Disguised self-employment is another issue, as are other situations involving an unclear or ambiguous working arrangement.
• Administrative barriers: Self-employed workers face a higher administrative burden in terms of reporting income, keeping records, collecting contributions, and receiving benefits. Without an employer, they are personally responsible for all administrative procedures.
• Inadequate benefits and priority needs: Self-employed workers are not always willing to contribute to social security if the available benefits do not meet their needs. Depending on their situation, different types of benefits and services may be necessary to meet their needs, especially their most immediate needs.

Lack of enforcement and low compliance: In some cases, compliance imposes excessive costs and involves cumbersome procedures that discourage self-employed workers from accessing the systems.   In addition, labour inspections are unable to detect fraud committed by self-employed workers. Inspections are more difficult for workers who have no fixed workplace (e.g., taxi drivers, street vendors) or are “invisible” (domestic workers).

• Lack of information and organization: Many self-employed workers are not organized and most existing organizations lack capacity. Due to their isolation, they may lack information/knowledge about social security plans and procedures.

Let’s see how these barriers can be overcome by means of necessary legislative and administrative measures to be taken by the government of India.

CHAPTER-II

Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection

On recommendations of the Second Labour Commission during the period of the NDA government the Unorganized Sectors Workers Bill, 2003 was drafted to guarantee social security towards the workers in India. Another Bill was drafted during the period of the 1st UPA government in India namely the Unorganized Sector Workers’ Social Security Bill, 2005 and the Unorganized Sector Workers’ Conditions and livelihood promotion Bill, 2005. In this respect, the aspect of social security was discussed almost in all parts of India.

After all the UPA government instead of accepting the “Unorganized Sector Worker Bill, 2003” as drafted by the earlier NDA government drafted another Bill namely “Unorganized Sector Workers Social Security Bill, 2005” for the purpose of securing social security for the workers so engaged in the unorganized sector. Even the UPA government has also followed the recommendations laid down by the Second National Commission on Labour constituted by the NDA government.

THE UNORGANIZED WORKER SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, 2008

Through this Bill, the UPA government has given the statutory shape to their National Common Minimum Programme commitments.

Finally, the unique piece of legislation has been placed on the floor of the House of Parliament. The legislature argued in favour of this legislation. It was widely advocated for the extension of formal social security towards the weaker section of society. However, the Unorganized Worker Social Security Act, of 2008 has been notified by the Central Government to make social security relevant and meaningful for about 40crors unorganized workers in India.

SOCIAL SECURITY MEASURES COVERING SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS IN INDIA

The Preamble of the Unorganized Worker Social Security Act, 2008 clearly provides for the social security and welfare of the unorganized workers and also for the matter connected and incidentally related to the social security and welfare of the unorganized workers. That gives a wide definition of the unorganized workers by means and includes the home-based, self-employed or wages workers in the unorganized sector as well as the workers in the organized sector, who are not covered by any other Acts. Section 2(l) of the Act gives the definition of the unorganized sector as the enterprise or the establishment owned by the individual or the self workers and engaged in the production, sale of goods, providing service etc and the establishments or the enterprises employ less than ten workers.

Schemes and coverage under this Act

Let’s see the schemes and coverage under this Act so as to evaluate the social security measures taken under this Act for unorganized self-employed workers in India. In reference to Section 3 under Chapter II of the Unorganized Worker Social Security Act, 2008 it can be said that both the „basic‟ and the „contingent‟ form of social security are provided for unorganized self-employed workers through this Act. The schemes as covered under Schedule-I of the Act are Handloom Weavers’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme, Handicraft Artisans’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme, Pension to Master craft persons and National Scheme for Welfare of Fishermen and Training and Extension, and these are to be undertaken by the Central Government.

The Central Government may also undertake the other schemes as it thinks fit from time to time and in this regard, it can modify the Schedule of this Act also. On the other hand for the welfare of the unorganized workers the State Governments are to undertake the schemes like provident funds; employment injury benefits; housing; educational schemes for children; skill upgradation of workers; funeral assistance; and old age homes.

“Social Security”, “Social insurance” and „Welfare” are used interchangeably

For the strengthening of activities of the government Indian Parliament has enacted this unique piece of legislation i.e. the Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008 but this legislation is not properly evolved in several aspects for benefit of unorganized self-employed workers. The long title of the Act has emphasized providing for social security and welfare of the unorganized workers and for other matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.   But the term “Social Security” has not been defined in the Act. Even this term does not occur in the body of the bare provision of the law or in any substantive sense. Unless the expressions “Social Security”, “Social insurance” and „Welfare” are used interchangeably in which there is no comprehensive legislation in regard to “The Social Security” Act in our country rather its emphasis seems to be only on schemes of welfare.

However, this Act did not create any entitlement of rights for the unorganized workers and still left the introduction of schemes at the discretion of the government. The language of the Act is not giving any rights but rather charity. Further, the schemes listed in Schedule I of the Act were previously existing anti-poverty schemes that applied only to workers who fall Below-Poverty Line (BPL).

Result of Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008

As a result of this, though some of the states in India have notified a few schemes under this Act of 2008 for the protection of self-employed workers in certain sectors only, the hopes for an extension of the protection to informal workers through this Act has been failed to fulfil its expectation. Indeed, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour found that “even after 12 years of the enactment of the Act, only six per cent of the unorganised workers are covered under one or other form of social security.”⁷ Further, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) had found in 2016-2017 that the funds lying in the National Social Security Fund constituted under the UWSSA had not been used since its inception.

It is also to be noted that the Central Government has introduced additional social security schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM), a pension scheme for unorganised workers, and the National Pension Scheme for Traders and Self-Employed Persons (NPS-Traders) 2019. However, there is a scarcity or lack of information on the legal basis, the enforcement mechanism and the extent of the enrolment of self-employed workers under these schemes.

THE CODE ON SOCIAL SECURITY, 2020

The Code on Social Security, 2020 was enacted on the basis of the recommendations made by the Second National Commission on Labour, which stated in its report that the existing set of labour laws must be amalgamated on the basis of subject matter. The Code was introduced in the Parliament in December 2019 and the Parliamentary Standing Committee submitted its report on 31st July 2020. Thereafter, a fresh Bill was introduced, namely the Code on Social Security, 2020 aiming to facilitate the implementation of labour laws, reducing the multiplicity of definitions, giving streamlining different authorities under various labour laws and ensuring basic concepts of benefits and welfare to the workers. Another major objective of this Code is to promote relevant technologies to ensure the compliance and execution of the provisions there under.

The Code on Social Security, 2020 amalgamates and rationalizes the provisions of the following nine Central labour laws:-

1. The Employees‟ Compensation Act, 1923
2. The Employees‟ State Insurance Act, 1948
3. The     Employees‟     Provident     Funds     and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
4. The Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959
5. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
6. The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
7. The Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1961
8. The Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996
9. The Unorganized Workers‟ Social Security Act, 2008

As per Section 2 (75) of the Code “self-employed worker”

As per Section 2 (75) of the Code “self-employed worker” means any person who is not employed by an employer, but engages himself in any occupation in the unorganised sector subject to a monthly earning of an amount as may be notified by the Central Government or the State Government, as the case may be, from time to time or holds cultivable land subject to the such ceiling as may be notified by the State Government and as per Section 2 (78) of the Code “social security” means the measures of protection afforded to employees, unorganised workers, gig workers and platform workers to ensure access to health care and to provide income security.

Particularly in cases of old age, unemployment, sickness, invalidity, work injury, maternity or loss of a breadwinner by means of rights conferred on them and schemes framed under this Code. On the other hand, Section 2 (79) of the Code gives a clear definition of “Social Security Organization” which means any of the following organisations established under this Code, namely:—

• the Central Board of Trustees of Employees’ Provident Fund constituted under Section 4;
• the Employees’ State Insurance Corporation constituted under Section 5;
• the National Social Security Board for Unorganised Workers constituted under Section 6; the State Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Board constituted under Section 6;
• the State Building and other Construction Workers Welfare Boards constituted under Section 7; and
• any other organization or special purpose vehicle declared to be a social security organization by the Central Government.

Concept of an Unorganized Sector and Unorganized Workers

The Code also provides the concept of an Unorganized Sector and Unorganized Workers in the light of Self-employed Workers. According to Section 2 (85) of the Code “unorganised sector” means an enterprise owned by individuals or self-employed workers and engaged in the production or sale of goods or providing service of any kind whatsoever, and where the enterprise employs workers, the number of such workers is less than ten. And as per Section 2 (86) of the Code “unorganised worker” means a home-based worker, self-employed worker or a wage worker in the unorganised sector and includes a worker in the organised sector who is not covered by the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 or Chapters III to VII of this Code.

The Code empowers the Central Government to frame social security schemes for unorganised workers, gig workers and platform workers including members of their families with respect to providing benefits under the ESIC. The Code also empowers the Central Government to frame the required schemes to provide social security benefits to self-employed workers also. Section 45 (1) of the Code empowers the Central Government which may by notification, frame schemes for unorganised workers, gig workers and platform workers and the members of their families for providing benefits admissible under this Code by the Corporation. And as per Section 45 (2), the contribution, user charges, the scale of benefits, qualifying and eligibility conditions and other terms and conditions subject to which the scheme may be operated shall be such as may be specified in the scheme.

Social Security Fund

Regarding the “Social Security Fund,” there are also clear provisions in this Code. Section 141 of the Code provides (1) There shall be established by the Central Government a Social Security Fund for social security and welfare of the unorganised workers, gig workers and platform workers and the sources of the fund shall comprise of funding received—

• under sub-section (3) of Section 109;
• under sub-section (3) of Section 114;
• from the composition of the offences under this Code relating to the Central Government and from any other Social Security Fund established under any other central labor law.
• A separate account shall be established and maintained for the funding mentioned under each of the clauses (i), (ii) and (iii).
• Social Security Fund referred to in Sub-Section

(1) shall be expended for the purposes for which each separate account has been established and maintained under Sub-Section (2).

• The Social Security Fund shall be established and administered in the manner prescribed by the Central Government.
• There shall be established by the State Government a Social Security Fund for the welfare of the unorganised workers in which there shall be credited the amount received from—

(i) the composition of offences under this Code relating to the State Government; and (ii) such other sources as may be prescribed by the State Government, and the fund shall be administered and expended for the welfare of the unorganised workers in such manner as may be prescribed by the State Government.

LIMITATION OF THE CODE

Section 109 of the Code which is dealing with the social security schemes for unorganised workers does not provide any legal entitlement as binding for the protection of workers by means of social security. Even there is no minimum content nor any statutory timeframe or any hard and fast procedure for the formulation of social security schemes. Consequently, the Code does not provide a rights-based approach to social security. In fact, the Code does not think about a justifiable legal right to social security as provided to unorganised workers at all. Nor does the Code explain in detail any minimum standard of social security as available for all workers as suggested by the National Commission for the Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) and recommended by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (Recommendation No. 202).

Parliamentary Standing Committee

The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour and Employment has observed: “merely retaining the usual administrative Clauses of the UWSSA, 2008 in the Social Security Code without any legal framework will not bring the intended benefits for the unorganised workers nor widen the social security coverage in the near future. The Committee, therefore, impress upon the Ministry to make suitable modifications in the appropriate Clauses so as to ensure a legally binding universal social protection for all the workers in the unorganised sector within a definite time frame.

The Code fails to provide a minimum legal entitlement to social security for self-employed and other unorganised workers. It does not address the structural bars towards the effective execution of social security for self-employed workers. Apart from the loopholes in legal eligibility and coverage, there are structure-related challenges in extending social security to self-employed workers. In the absence of an employer to take over the burden of contributing and becoming worse off the earnings of self-employed workers, contributory schemes can particularly be unsuitable for self-employed workers.

Moreover, self-employed workers may not have the capacity for record-keeping and other compliance work related to social security schemes. As such, the design of the social security schemes would have to be appropriately fitted to the specificity of the unorganized self-employed workers.

Financing social security schemes

Remarkably, the Code of 2020 is also very economical with respect to the provisions on financing social security schemes for unorganised workers. Section 109 (4) empowers the Central Government to constitute a Social Security Fund but the Code does not provide any clear mandate on financial support for the purpose of social security schemes. Under Section 110 (1) the Code only acknowledges that the schemes may‟ wholly be funded by the State Government or partly be funded by the State Government and partly be funded through contributions collected from the beneficiaries or may be funded from any source including corporate social responsibility fund.

However, there is no hard and fast provision so the Central Government and State Government „must‟ provide financial support for the social security schemes for the unorganised workers. In the experience of the National Social Security Fund under the Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008 such lack of clarity and directive on central and state government regarding the funding may be fatal to the enforcement of the Code of 2020.

Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection

That is why the Standing Committee on Labour and Employment stated that: “there is a lack of firm commitment on the part of the Government to fund schemes meant for the unorganised sector.

The Committee, therefore, recommends that the funding pattern for the schemes meant for the unorganised sector workers be clearly spelt out in the law so as to ensure adequate accrual of funds for potent implementation of various Schemes.

The Code on Social Security 2020 hoped for social protection but it is impossible to achieve for unorganized self-employed workers and the right to social security shall remain a fanciful hope for self-employed workers.

CHAPTER-III

SOCIAL SECURITY of Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection IN THE EYE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

The International Labour Organization (ILO) Social Protection Platform provides for the necessity of social security for self-employed workers as “In many countries, self-employed workers, including own-account workers and assisting family workers, make up the majority of the workforce. Seven out of ten workers are self-employed or work in small businesses.

Social security legislation has traditionally focused on covering employees. However, many countries are adopting measures to extend labour and social security legislation to self-employed workers and to overcome challenges through a range of measures tailored to their situation. However, further progress is still needed to ensure effective protection for self-employed workers.

The ILO has also made the following recommendations in regard to the enactment and enforcement of the provisions for social security throughout the world.

Extending legal coverage

• Include self-employed workers in the general social protection system in order to provide adequate coverage when workers change employment status or combine paid (part-time) employment and self-employment.
• Expand the scope of the legislation for workers, for example by redefining the terminology used in social security legislation, such as contributor or insured person.
• Promote mandatory coverage, rather than voluntary coverage

Promote mandatory coverage, rather than voluntary coverage

Simplify and streamline registration and other administrative procedures, such as through mobile or online registration, and remove geographical barriers by increasing access points for self-employed workers.

• Develop integrated service delivery mechanisms, such as one-stop shops, to improve access to social protection for self-employed workers, especially in remote areas.
• Facilitate access to social security through partnerships with independent workers’ organizations (cooperatives or rural producers’ associations).

Facilitating contribution collection and funding mechanisms

• Simplify the declaration and payment of social insurance contributions and taxes for the self-employed, such as through mono-tax mechanisms.
• Facilitate the payment of social security contributions by making the timing of contribution payments more flexible or by allowing contributions to priority branches of social security, and by introducing differentiated contributory provisions or unified social insurance contributions.

Enhancing compliance and facilitating inspections

• Make it easier to carry out inspections of self-employed workers by adapting the legal and operational framework to their characteristics, including the legal framework governing inspection services, and by allocating more resources to inspection services.
• Raise awareness and promote compliance through preventive measures and combine sanctions with information and awareness campaigns.

Raising awareness and sharing information

• Raise awareness of the importance of social protection among self-employed workers and inform them about the plans and benefits available and the relevant procedures, taking into account the specific needs and characteristics of self-employed workers in the design of communication and awareness activities.

Strengthen incentives for formalization through links with other policy areas

• Simplify business registration procedures and reduce transaction costs for self-employed workers, facilitate market access for self-employed workers to help self-employed workers transition to the formal economy.
• Provide training to self-employed workers in the areas of finance and entrepreneurship.
• Promote the organization of self-employed workers.

The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) had in its General Comment No. 19 on the right to social security (Art. 9 of the Covenant) called upon member States to “establish non-contributory schemes or other social assistance measures to provide support to those individuals and groups who are unable to make sufficient contributions for their own protection”. In the same track, the ILO and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have recommended policy innovations that range from lowering minimum contribution thresholds and allowing for interruptions in contribution periods to government subsidies for low-income self-employed workers. The failure of the Code on Social Security, 2020 to engage with these structural barriers is, therefore, a serious lack and may undermine the promise of globalization of social security for all workers organized or unorganized.

CONCLUSION of Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection

In point of the specific characteristics of Unorganized Self-Employed Workers Protection and the state of being heterogeneous of this group. A branch of additional social enforcing measures is essential to ensure the execution of the laws in practice. These enforcing measures include the adaptation of registration and other executive procedures and the calculation of contributions. Also adaptation of mechanisms for the inspection of different groups of self-employed workers. And raising awareness among self-employed workers about existing plans, programs, and functionaries and how to access them.

The state concern must design plans to take into consideration of the worker’s ability to contribute to the social security schemes. And also to provide proper mechanisms for adjusting contribution rates and scales. The self-employed workers must be facilitated with different entrepreneurship training and skill-building programs. So that it can promote productivity among self-employed workers and assist them in transition to the formal economy from that of the informal economy with respect to Unorganized Self-Employed workers Protection.

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